GYANT’s triage protocol and algorithm development process follows a rigorous approach to ensure that our clinical decision support tools provide safe, practical, and reasonable information in line with the latest medical literature and evidence-based medical practice guidelines.
Our content and protocol development process is overseen by our inhouse clinical team and incorporates thorough literature reviews, reviews by experts in relevant medical fields, medical advisory board reviews, as well as quantitative validation and testing with thousands of users.
Clinical and academic reference literature and sources consulted in the protocol development process include (non-exhaustive list):
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Ayoade, F. O., & Todd, J. R. (2017). Herpes simplex differential diagnoses. M. S. Bronze (Ed.). Medscape. Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218580-differential
Barr, W., & Smith, A. (2014). Acute diarrhea in adults. American Family Physician, 89(3), 180-189. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2014/0201/p180.html
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Calmbach, W. L., & Hutchens, M. (2003). Evaluation of patients presenting with knee pain: Part II. Differential diagnosis. American Family Physician, 68(5), 917-922. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2003/0901/p917.html
Cartwright, S.L., & Knudson, M.P. (2008). Evaluation of acute abdominal pain in adults. American Family Physician, 77(7), 971-978. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2008/0401/p971.html
Casazza, B. A. (2012). Diagnosis and treatment of acute low back pain. American Family Physician, 85(4), 343-350. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/0215/p343.html
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Clark, Molly & Norris, David (2012). Am Fam Physician. 2012 Mar 15;85(6):602-605. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/0315/p602.html
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Daffner, R. (2010). Radiologic evaluation of chronic neck pain. American Family Physician, 92(9), 959-964. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/1015/p959.html
Dains, J. E., Baumann, L. C., & Scheibel, P. (2016). Advanced health assessment & clinical diagnosis in primary care (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
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Earwood, J. S., Rogers, T. S., & Rathjen, N. A. (2018). Ear pain: Diagnosing common and uncommon causes. American Family Physician, 97(1), 20-27. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2018/0101/p20.html
Ely, J. W., Hansen, M. R., & Clark, E. C. (2008). Diagnosis of ear pain. American Family Physician, 77(5), 621-628. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2008/0301/p621.html
Eubanks, J.D. (2010). Cervical Radiculopathy: Nonoperative Management of Neck Pain and Radicular Symptoms. American Family Physician, 81(1), 33-40. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0101/p33.html
Eubanks, J. D. (2010). Nonoperative management of neck pain and radicular symptoms. American Family Physician, 81(1), 33-40. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0101/p33.html
Ferrer, R. (1998). Lymphadenopathy: Differential diagnosis and evaluation. American Family Physician, 58(6), 1313-1320. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/1998/1015/p1313.html
Fields, K. B. (Jan 17, 2018). Evaluation and diagnosis of common causes of foot pain in adults. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-and-diagnosis-of-common-causes-of-foot-pain-in-adults?search=flatfoot&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~67&usage_type=default&display_rank=2#H13378212
Fields, Karl B (2016). Evaluation of the Patient with Shoulder Pain. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-of-the-patient-with-shoulder-complaints?search=shoulder%20pain&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H13
Fiore, D. C., Pasternak, A. V., & Radwan, R. M. (2010). Pain in the quiet (not red) eye. American Family Physician, 82(1), 69-73. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0701/p69.html
Foot pain and problems (n.d.). Johns Hopkins Medicine. Retrieved from https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/adult/orthopaedic_disorders/foot_pain_and_problems_85,P00914
Fricker, P. (2018). Evaluation of the Adult with Hip Pain. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-of-the-adult-with-hip-pain?search=hip%20pain&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H10
Galejs, L. E., & Kass, E. J. (1999). Diagnosis and treatment of the acute scrotum. American Family Physician, 59(4), 817-824. Retrieved from http://www.aafp.org/afp/1999/0215/p817.html
Gelston, C. D. (2013). Common eye emergencies. American Family Physician, 88(8), 515-519. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2013/1015/p515.html
Gonsalves, W. C., Chi, A. C., & Neville, B. W. (2007). Common oral lesions: Part I. Superficial mucosal lesions. American Family Physician, 75(4), 501-506. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0215/p501.html
Gonsalves, W. C., Chi, A. C., & Neville, B. W. (2007). Common oral lesions: Part II. Masses and neoplasia. American Family Physician, 75(4), 509-512. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0215/p509.html
Gradison, M. (2012). Pelvic inflammatory disease. American Family Physician, 85(8), 791-796. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/0415/p791.html
Hainer, B.L., & Gibson, M.V. (2011). Vaginitis: Diagnosis and treatment. American Family Physician, 83(7), 807-815. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2011/0401/p807.html
Hainer, B. L., & Gibson, M. V. (2011). Vaginitis: Diagnosis and treatment. American Family Physician, 83(7), 807-815. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2011/0401/p807.html
Hainer, B.L., & Matheson, E.M. (2013). Approach to acute headache in adults. American Family Physician, 87(10), 682-687. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2013/0515/p682.html
Hamilos, D. L. (2016, Oct 28). Chronic rhinosinusitis: Clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, and diagnosis. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chronic-rhinosinusitis-clinical-manifestations-pathophysiology-and-diagnosis
Hand pain and problems (n.d.). Johns Hopkins Medicine. Retrieved from https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/adult/orthopaedic_disorders/hand_pain_and_problems_85,P00917
Haynes, J., Arnold, K. R., Aguirre-Oskins, C., & Chandra, S. (2015). Evaluation of neck masses in adults. American Family Physician, 91(10), 698-706. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/0515/p698.html
Hersch, E. C., & Oh, R. C. (2014). Prolonged febrile illness and fever of unknown origin in adults. American Family Physician, 90(2), 91-96. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2014/0715/p91.html
Hofmeister, S., & Bodden, S. (2016). Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. American Family Physician, 94(3), 236-240. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2016/0801/p236.html
Issac, Z. (Jan 29, 2018). Evaluation of the patient with neck pain and cervical spine disorders. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-of-the-patient-with-neck-pain-and-cervical-spine-disorders?search=neck%20pain&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1
Jerant, A. F., Johnson, J. T., Sheridan, C. D., & Caffrey, T. J. (2000). Early detection and treatment of skin cancer. American Family Physician, 62(2), 357-368. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/0715/p357.html
Juckett, G., & Trivedi, R. (2011). Evaluation of chronic diarrhea. American Family Physician, 84(10), 1119-1126. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2011/1115/p1119.html
Klein, D. A., & Poth, M. A. (2013). Amenorrhea: An approach to diagnosis and management. American Family Physician, 87(11), 761-788. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2013/0601/p781.html
Knee pain and problems (n.d.). Johns Hopkins Medicine. Retrieved from https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/adult/orthopaedic_disorders/knee_pain_and_problems_85,P00923
Kuhlman, G.S., & Domb, B.G. (2009). Hip Impingement: Identifying and Treating a Common Cause of Hip Pain. Am Fam Physician. 2009 Dec 15; 80(12):1429-1434. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/1215/p1429.html
Labuguen, R. H. (2006). Initial evaluation of vertigo. American Family Physician, 73(2), 244-251. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/0115/p244.html
Luba, M. C., Bangs, S. A., Mohler, A. M., & Stulberg, D. L. (2003). Common benign skin tumors. American Family Physician, 67(4), 729-738. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2003/0215/p729.html
Maness, D.L., & Khan, M. (2015). Nonpharmacologic Management of Chronic Insomnia. Am Fam Physician. 2015 Dec 15;92(12):1058-1064. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/1215/p1058.html
Manning-Dimmitt, L. L., Dimmitt, S. G., & Wilson, G. R. (2005). Diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding in adults. American Family Physician, 71(7), 1339-1346. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0401/p1339.html
Margesson, L. J., & Haefner, H. K. (2018, Feb 12). Vulvar lesions: Differential diagnosis based on morphology. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vulvar-lesions-differential-diagnosis-based-on-morphology
McConaghy, J.R., & Oza, R.S. (2013). Outpatient diagnosis of acute chest pain in adults. American Family Physician, 87(3), 177-182. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2013/0201/p177.html
Meneghett, A. (2017). Upper respiratory tract infection differential diagnoses. Z. Mosenifar (Ed.). Medscape. Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/302460-differential
Michaudet, C., & Malaty, J. (2017). Chronic cough: Evaluation and management. American Family Physician, 96(9), 575-580. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2017/1101/p575.html
Michels, T.C. (2015). Dysuria: Evaluation and differential diagnosis in adults. American Family Physician, 92(9), 778-788. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/1101/p778.html
Monica, James (2016). Acute Shoulder Injuries in Adults. Am Fam Physician. 2016 Jul 15;94(2):119-127. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2016/0715/p119.html
Pflipsen, M., Massaquoi, M., & Wolf, S. (2016). Evaluation of the painful eye. American Family Physician, 93(12), 991-998. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2016/0615/p991.html
Pollart, S. M., Compton, R. M., & Elward, K. S. (2011). Management of acute asthma exacerbations. American Family Physician, 84(1), 40-47. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2011/0701/p40.html
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Wilson, J.J., & Furukawa, M. (2014). Evaluation of the Patient with Hip Pain. Am Fam Physician. 2014;89(1):27-34. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2014/0101/p27.pdf
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Pediatric Resources
Adams, J. A. (2001). Evaluating Children for Possible Sexual Abuse. American Family Physician, 63(5), 843. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2001/0301/p843.html
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Alper, B. S., & Curry, S. H. (2005). Urinary Tract Infection in Children. American Family Physician, 72(12), 12. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/1215/p2483.html
Armstrong, C. A. (2020). Approach to the clinical dermatologic diagnosis – UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-the-clinical-dermatologic-diagnosis
Baird, D. C., Seehusen, D. A., & Bode, D. V. (2014). Enuresis in Children: A Case-Based Approach. American Family Physician, 90(8), 560–568. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2014/1015/p560.html
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Bell, A. L., Elizabeth Rodes, M., & Collier Kellar, L. (2013). Childhood Eye Examination. American Family Physician, 88(4), 241–248. http://www.aafp.org/afp/2013/0815/p241
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Biggs, W. S., & Dery, W. H. (2006). Evaluation and Treatment of Constipation in Infants and Children. American Family Physician, 73(3), 469–477. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/0201/p469.html
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Chorley, J. (2020). Elbow injuries in active children or skeletally immature adolescents: Approach – UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/elbow-injuries-in-active-children-or-skeletally-immature-adolescents-approach?search=elbow%20injury%20children&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~38&usage_type=default&display_rank=1
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